The format of this assay utilises both the vaccine virus and also

the field isolate, minimising the need to generate pre-prepared reagents, making the assay straight forward and practically viable. Further studies are required, not least to experimentally challenge the cattle immunised with such a marker vaccine in order to determine the level of protection that this type of vaccine construct could offer and to further validate the efficacy of the associated integrin based diagnostic assay. Given the absence of the integrin receptor binding motif in the A− virus, further work is also required to characterise the growth properties of this virus and in particular to identify the cellular receptor(s) tropism of this virus. It is entirely possible that vaccine virus constructs lacking the VP1 G-H loop may be attenuated in vivo and thus this particular design of vaccine may hold further Selleckchem Buparlisib benefits than just that of a marker vaccine in the form of a reduced risk of spread and disease in case of viral escape during vaccine production or through incomplete inactivation. More importantly, consideration must be given to the optimal route for developing further vaccine

constructs like the A− vaccine examined to permit the generation of more subtype and serotype vaccines of this design. selleck chemicals llc Veronica Fowler was in receipt of a BBSRC PhD studentship and received additional support from the FMD Improcon project of the EU 6th Framework Programme [SSPE-CT-2003-503603]. Paul Barnett and David Paton are both Jenner Institute Investigators. Thanks are given to Dr Sarah Cox for reviewing this paper prior to publication. Thanks are also due to the staff of the World Reference Laboratory and in particular Dr Satya Parida in whose laboratory some of this work was undertaken, Dr Nigel Ferris for the supply of ELISA rabbit capture antibody and to Dr Mana Mahapatra for the supply of viruses and MAbs. The authors would also like to thank the animal staff of the Pirbright Laboratory for their assistance with the handling and care of the cattle Levetiracetam used in

this study. “
“Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and buffalo. FMD is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. The viral RNA is translated into a single polypeptide which is then cleaved into 12 viral proteins [1]. Among them, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4 are structural proteins (SPs) that form the viral capsid, and L, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D are non-structural proteins (NSPs) that participate in viral replication and play other functions within the host cell. During the cleavage, 3A, 3B, 3C or 3A, 3B are also combined to form 3ABC or 3AB protein [2]. The SPs and NSPs induce anti-SPs antibodies and anti-NSPs antibodies, respectively.

Après mon exposé Eccles m’a demandé où j’avais appris ça. Je lui répondis “nulle part, et j’ai tout fait moi-même”. Eccles a été très impressionné et m’a invité à venir à Canberra, tous frais payés. De retour à Kiev, j’ai préparé tous les documents nécessaires et les ai fait parvenir au service des relations internationales. Des semaines et des mois passèrent sans réponse. Je ne fis aucune démarche pour accélérer la décision de l’administration mais

un jour la direction reçut un appel téléphonique international, Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor ce qui était très rare à l’époque. C’était Eccles, qui voulait savoir pourquoi je n’étais pas venu à Canberra. Je lui répondis que la décision ne dépendait pas de moi. Eccles a très bien compris et a dit: “Très bien, je vais envoyer un télégramme à Khrouchtchev”. Venetoclax Bien sûr, cette communication téléphonique ne resta pas confidentielle, et suscita un grand émoi

dans l’institut. Je ne sais pas si Eccles a vraiment contacté N.S. Khrouchtchev mais, quoiqu’il en soit, je reçus tous les documents quelques jours après. C’est ainsi que je me suis rendu en Australie où j’ai travaillé pendant six mois». Lors de cette courte période P.G. Kostyuk noua de sérieuses relations avec un grand nombre de scientifiques de divers pays et ne publia pas moins de 5 articles scientifiques. L’hypothèse de Eccles-Kostyuk-Schmidt, formulée à la fin des années 60, sur l’existence de 2 systèmes de régulation présynaptique du signal nerveux est entrée dans tous les manuels de neurophysiologie et fut étudiée dans toutes les universités (Fig. 4). C’est à cette époque que P.G. Kostyuk a commencé à publier dans Oxygenase des journaux internationaux. En 1966, il fut nommé directeur de l’Institut de Physiologie Bogomolets qu’il dirigera pendant près de 45 ans. Sous sa direction, cet institut est devenu l’un des meilleurs centres de recherche en neurosciences non seulement en URSS mais aussi au niveau international.

Des chercheurs remarquables comme V. Skok, M. Shuba et O. Krishtal en sont issus. En 1979 grâce à l’énergie et l’autorité de Platon Kostyuk de nouveaux bâtiments ont été construits et équipés d’instruments modernes. Beaucoup de conférences, de congrès et d’enseignements scientifiques s’y sont déroulés, attirant de nombreux chercheurs du monde entier. Des collaborations étroites ont été nouées avec la plupart des Universités et des Instituts les plus prestigieux d’Europe comme des Etats-Unis d’Amérique ou du Japon. Des découvertes importantes y ont été réalisées. L’enregistrement des courants transmembranaires de cellules au contenu intracellulaire modifié par la méthode de perfusion intracellulaire, qu’il a mise au point, a permis de caractériser de nouveaux types de canaux ioniques.

, 2007). Y1R knockout mice display increased immobility in the forced swim test, indicative of a depression-like phenotype Venetoclax in vivo (Karlsson et al., 2008). Both Y2R and Y4R

knockout mice exhibit reduced depression-like behavior in the tail suspension test, another common screening assay for antidepressant potential (Tasan and et al, 2009, Painsipp et al., 2008 and Painsipp and et al, 2008). Knockout of both Y2R and Y4R results in augmented anti-depressant effects compared to single-knockout of either receptor (Tasan et al., 2009). Anti-depressant strategies including imipramine and electroconvulsive stimuli increase NPY immunoreactivity or receptor mRNA and binding sites, respectively (Heilig and et al, 1988 and Madsen and et al, 2000). The anti-depressant LY294002 price properties of NPY may be mediated through interactions

with the serotonin system, as administration of a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor blocked the anti-depressant effects of NPY in the forced swim test (Redrobe et al., 2005). The Flinders-sensitive line (FSL) is a transgenic model of depression in which abnormalities in NPY, serotonin, and catecholaminergic systems have been identified (Overstreet and et al, 2005 and Serova and et al, 1998). Depression-like behavior has been associated with impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, and enhanced NPY and serotonin activities been shown to increase cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (Husum et al., 2006). Hippocampal and amygdalar NPY immunoreactivity is lower in FSL rats compared to Flinders-resistant controls (Jimenez Vasquez and et al, 2000, Jimenez-Vasquez et al., 2000 and Zambello and et al, 2008), and aging is associated during with exacerbated loss of hippocampal NPY immunoreactivity in the FSL line (Husum et al., 2006). In FSL rats, Y5R antagonism produces anti-depressant effects in the forced swim test (Walker et al., 2009). Electroconvulsive stimuli and the selective serotonin

reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine increase NPY mRNA or immunoreactivity in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and upregulate amygdalar Y1R binding sites in FSL rats (Caberlotto and et al, 1998 and Caberlotto and et al, 1999). Exercise and escitalopram are associated with similar alterations in hippocampal NPY and Y1 receptor mRNA (Bjornebekk et al., 2010). NPY has also been examined in olfactory bulbectomized rats (OBX), which are utilized as a rodent model due to depression-like disruptions in behavior, physiology, and neurochemistry (Song and Leonard, 2005 and Kelly et al., 1997). Anti-depressant effects are observed following chronic treatment with NPY, a Y1R agonist, and a Y2R antagonist in OBX rats (Goyal and et al, 2009 and Morales-Medina and et al, 2012a). In contrast, chronic administration of a Y2R agonist enhanced depression-like behavior in OBX rats in the forced swim test (Morales-Medina et al., 2012).

Bangladesh, India (Uttar Pradesh), Mozambique, and Uganda were chosen to reflect various population sizes and urbanicity among developing countries in Africa and Asia (see Table 1). Session size data were collected from representative drug discovery facilities in the four countries. IPV wastage and associated costs were examined in this paper, though our model enables users to simulate different types of vaccines in various presentation and dose schedules. Our model

uses a 1-dose schedule for IPV. This study used data on session sizes to model populations from Bangladesh, India (Uttar Pradesh), Mozambique, and Uganda. The rural data from Bangladesh originated from four clinics in the Sunamganj district, consisting of one large outpatient clinic, two union health centers, and one subcenter. The urban data from Bangladesh came from three urban subcenters, two urban HC III clinics, and three large urban clinics (“HC” stands for “health center”). The number of pentavalent vaccine doses administered between January and December 2012 were counted at each session. For India, we collected data on the number of DPT doses administered in two HC III clinics in the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh from January to February 2012. There were no data available from urban clinics in Uttar Pradesh. The data from Mozambique came from 74 Centro Salud Rural (CSR) 1 sessions, 49 CSR2 sessions, as well as 45 outreach sessions Gefitinib cell line from the Inhambane district of Mozambique in 2012. The number of

children receiving a pentavalent vaccine each day was recorded. There were also no data available from urban clinics in Mozambique.

The Ugandan data originated from the Service Provision Assessment (SPA) Survey of 2007 that was collected by Macro International [14]. After weighting, the survey provided a national representative sample of all government health care facilities in Uganda. Data were collected by site inspections and health record review from 433 facilities providing immunization at HC-IIs, HC-IIIs, HC-IVs, rural hospital settings and urban settings. Bay 11-7085 The SPA survey had sampling weights for each type of facility, so one can produce estimates of the national count of each type of facility. The counts of daily children arriving in facilities in the SPA data were based on all children, not just children requesting immunization. The estimated number of facilities in each country relied on SPA data in Uganda [18], and Bangladesh [15]. Facility count estimates for Mozambique were extrapolated on a population basis from Inhambane province to all Mozambiquan provinces. Facility count estimates for India were confined to only rural Uttar Pradesh. In each country or region, the daily session size data for each clinic type was determined by fitting the parameters of various distributions. A maximum likelihood algorithm to find parameters that minimized the root mean squared error between the data and each candidate distribution was implemented in Palisades @Risk Version 6.

54 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.70, p < 0.001, random effects meta-analysis, I2 = 12%). There was a bigger effect on strength in the trials in which the programs targeted strength specifically (by using weights with a moderate to high intensity, ie, using a weight so heavy that only 8–12 repetitions could

be done without resting). The pooled effect from the 7 programs that did not target strength specifically was 0.32 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.55) whereas the pooled effect from the 10 programs that did specifically target strength was 0.68 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.87). This Bortezomib datasheet difference was statistically significant (effect of strength in meta-regression, p = 0.045) ( Figure 2). The meta-analysis of balance outcomes included six trials and found a moderate effect of physical activity on balance (SMD = 0.52, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.79, random effects meta-analysis, I2 = 51%) (Figure 3). The meta-analysis of endurance outcomes included six trials (8 comparisons, as one trial had three groups) and found a moderate effect of physical activity on endurance (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.96, p < 0.001, random effects meta-analysis, I2 = 65%) ( Figure 4). Only one trial (Pereira et al 1998) reported on the effects of a physical activity program on long-term falls.

Pereira et al 1998 showed a non-significant decrease in the occurrence of falls over the last 12 months (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.26). Of those who received a walking program 15 years earlier, 27% percent reported falling in the year prior Chlormezanone to follow-up, whereas 33% of PLX3397 supplier the control group reported falling in the past year. The rate of women reporting more than one fall over the last 12 months was also lower in the walking group (23%) when compared to controls (30%) but this difference was not statistically significant (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.23). Adherence to the physical activity programs, presented in Table 2, was assessed in 12 of the 22 included trials (Asikainen et al 2006, Bemben et al 2000, Heinonen et al 1998, Janzen et al 2006, King et al 1991, Klentrou et al 2007, Levinger et al 2007, Mitchell et

al 1998, Sallinen et al 2007, Shirazi et al 2007, Singh et al 2009, Uusi-Rasi et al 2003). In general, physical activity adherence (calculated as the percentage of completed physical activity hours, out of the prescribed hours) was greater than 80% (Asikainen et al 2006, Bemben et al 2000, Janzen et al 2006, Levinger et al 2007, Mitchell et al 1998, Sallinen et al 2007, Singh et al 2009), ranging from 48% (Shirazi et al 2007) to 96% (Levinger et al 2007). This systematic review found that strength, balance and endurance can clearly be improved by physical activity in people aged 40–65. The effect of physical activity on falls has not been well investigated in this age group. Most of the trials identified focused on strength and/or endurance training. This review found a moderate effect of physical activity on muscle strength.

05 to detect differences of 0.11 log10

in cytokine responses for exposures with two equal-sized categories [19]. The objective of this observational analysis was to determine socio-demographic, maternal and infant factors selleck associated with cytokine responses following BCG and tetanus immunisation. Socio-demographic factors were maternal age, maternal education (categories none, primary, secondary or tertiary), household socioeconomic status (a six-level score based on building materials, number of rooms, items owned) and location of residence (by zone, Fig. 1). Maternal factors were the three commonest maternal helminth infections (hookworm, Mansonella perstans, Schistosoma mansoni), maternal asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia (Plasmodium falciparum) and maternal immunisation status (absence or presence of a maternal BCG scar; Antidiabetic Compound Library concentration number of documented doses of tetanus immunisation during pregnancy). Infant factors were gender, birth weight, anthropometric scores at age one year (weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height [27]), infant malaria (current, asymptomatic malaria on the day of the assay; number of documented clinical malaria episodes in the preceding year) and HIV status (based on maternal and infant serology, and infant PCR at age six weeks: unexposed, exposed-uninfected, or

infected). Cytokine responses showed skewed distributions, with a disproportionate number of zero values, as has commonly been observed for immunoepidemiological data and, in particular, for the use of whole blood stimulation and cytokine response assays [28], [29] and [30]. Results were transformed to log10(cytokine concentration + 1) and analysed by linear regression using

bootstrapping with 10,000 iterations to estimate standard errors ADAMTS5 and bias-corrected accelerated confidence intervals [29]. Regression coefficients and confidence limits were back-transformed to express results as ratios of geometric means. Crude associations were first examined. The following strategy was then employed to investigate multivariate associations. A simple hierarchical causal diagram was developed (Fig. 2). Socio-demographic factors were considered as potential confounders for the relationship between each exposure and cytokine response, and maternal co-infections (malaria parasitaemia and helminths) were considered as potential confounders for each other and for infant exposures. Treatment with albendazole was considered as a potential effect modifier for maternal hookworm and M. perstans infections, and treatment with praziquantel for S. mansoni infection. Infant co-infections were considered as potential confounders for infant anthropometric exposures.

All subjects wore

a heart-rate monitor during the training sessions to ensure that exercise intensity was moderate to vigorous (Ramírez-Vélez et al 2009). Sessions consisted of walking (10 min), aerobic exercise (30 min), learn more stretching (10 min), and relaxation (10 min). Aerobic activities were prescribed at moderate to vigorous intensity, aiming for 55–75% of maximal heart rate and adjusted according to ratings on the Borg scale (Borg 1982). Adherence to the exercise program was encouraged by the physiotherapist who supervised the exercise sessions. In order to maximise adherence to the training program, all sessions were conducted in groups of 3 to 5 women, accompanied by music, and performed in a spacious, air-conditioned room. The control group received no exercise intervention, did not attend the exercise classes, and did not

take part in a home exercise program. Both groups continued with their normal prenatal care (1 session per week for 3 months) and physical activity. The Colombian standard version of the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12 version 2) beta-catenin mutation is a questionnaire comprising 12 questions grouped into eight different domains of health: physical functioning, role limitation due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health perception, vitality, social function, role limitation due to emotional problems, and mental health (Lugo et al 2006). These eight scales are further clustered Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II into the Physical Component Summary (comprising physical function, role-physical, bodily pain and general health) and Mental Component Summary (comprising vitality, social function, role-emotional, and mental health). Test scores were calculated according to the instructions provided in the questionnaire’s user manual (Ware and Kosinski 2001, Lugo et al 2006). Reliability values (Pearson’s r) range from 0.89 to 0.94 for the Physical Component Summary and from 0.84 to 0.91 for the Mental Component Summary (Bize et al 2007, Ware and Kosinski 2001, Tessier et al 2007). Our sample size of 64 participants provided 80% power to detect

as significant, at the two-sided 5% level, a 3-point difference in the Physical Component Summary between groups, assuming a SD of 5 points (Ramírez-Vélez et al 2009) and allowing for a loss to follow-up of 25%. Data were entered in an electronic database by investigators at the time of assessment. Random checks of data entry were performed regularly and corrections made where possible by checking against hospital records or by phoning participants for confirmation. The normality of the distribution of scores for each variable was confirmed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We then used the unpaired t-test to estimate the between-group difference in each outcome. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.

Une étude réalisée GSK2118436 order en médecine générale par l’Assurance maladie montrait

que 27 % des patients, considérés comme non contrôlés sous trithérapie lors des trois dernières consultations, avaient en fait des chiffres de PA normaux en utilisant un appareil automatique avec brassard adapté à la consultation, et que 6 % de patients supplémentaires étaient en fait équilibrés en automesure après la mise en évidence d’un effet blouse blanche [6]. Pour confirmer le non contrôle de la PA, la MAPA permet aussi la détection de l’effet blouse blanche avec une diminution de la prévalence d’HTA non contrôlée de 38 % après sa réalisation. La comparaison Adriamycin mouse de l’usage de l’automesure et de la MAPA dans l’HTA non contrôlée indique une globale concordance entre les méthodes mais démontre l’intérêt chez certains sujets de la mesure de la PA nocturne et d’une évaluation précise du cycle nycthéméral. La réalisation d’une MAPA a été considérée comme nécessaire pour la confirmation et l’analyse des

caractéristiques de la PA chez les sujets ayant une HTA résistante. Pour l’interprétation de l’automesure et de la MAPA, les seuils suivants sont retenus pour l’HTA non contrôlée : • automesure tensionnelle ≥ 135/85 mmHg ; L’obtention d’une prescription adaptée en trithérapie est la deuxième étape de la prise en charge lorsque l’HTA est non contrôlée car il est montré que l’ajout d’une troisième famille pharmacologique permet d’améliorer le contrôle tensionnel. Des essais randomisés ont évalué l’efficacité d’une trithérapie sur la baisse de la pression artérielle chez des hypertendus dont l’HTA n’était pas contrôlée par une bithérapie [7] and [8]. Ces études indiquent que les trithérapies sont plus efficaces sur la baisse de la PAS/PAD que les bithérapies. En faisant varier la définition Linifanib (ABT-869) relative au nombre et

à la qualité des antihypertenseurs prescrits, une étude récente indique que, sur la même population, la prévalence de l’HTA résistante est de 30,9 % (non contrôle sous trithérapie ou contrôle sous quadrithérapie), ou de 3,4 % (non contrôle malgré 3 antihypertenseurs à dose maximale comprenant un diurétique) [9]. 2-A. La trithérapie antihypertensive doit comporter, outre un diurétique thiazidique, un bloqueur du SRA (ARA2 ou IEC) et un inhibiteur calcique. D’autres classes pharmacologiques sont à utiliser en cas d’intolérance ou d’indications préférentielles. 2-B. Dans l’HTA résistante, un diurétique thiazidique doit être utilisé : l’hydrochlorothiazide à un dosage d’au moins 25 mg/j ou l’indapamide. 2-C.

Three primary outcomes were measured: the Maximal Lean Test (also called the Maximal Balance Range), the Maximal

Sideward Reach Test, and the Performance Item of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Five secondary outcomes were used: the Satisfaction Item of the COPM, the T-shirt Test, Participants’ Impressions of Change, Clinicians’ Impressions of Change, and Spinal Cord Injury Falls Concern Scale. These outcomes were selected on the basis of a study comparing the validity and reliability of each test (Boswell-Ruys et al 2010a, Boswell-Ruys et al 2009) and on the basis of the results of a similar clinical trial (Boswell-Ruys et al 2010b). Trametinib mw The Maximal Lean Test assessed participants’ ability to lean as far forwards and backwards as possible without falling and without using the hands for support. The Maximal Sideward Reach Test assessed participants’ ability to reach in a 45° direction to the right while seated unsupported on a physiotherapy bed (Boswell-Ruys et al 2009). The T-shirt Test measured the time taken for participants to don and doff a T-shirt (Boswell-Ruys et al 2009, Chen et al 2003).

The best attempt of two trials was analysed for each outcome. A mean between-group difference equivalent to 20% of mean baseline http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html data was deemed clinically important for the three outcomes prior to the commencement of the study. The COPM determines participants’ perceptions about treatment effectiveness in relation to self-nominated goals (Law et al 1990). The Performance and Satisfaction

ratings TCL of the COPM were averaged across the two activities identified as most important to the participant. A mean between-group difference of 2 points was deemed clinically important prior to the commencement of the study as recommended by others (Law et al 2010). Participants’ Impressions of Change were assessed at the end of the 6-week study period by asking both control and experimental participants to rate their global impressions of change in their ability to sit unsupported over the preceding six weeks on a 15-point Likert-style scale, in which –7 indicated ‘a very great deal worse’, 0 indicated ‘no change’, and +7 indicated ‘a very great deal better’ (Barrett et al 2005, Jaeschke et al 1989). Clinicians’ Impressions of Change were assessed with the use of video clips (Harvey et al 2011). Short video clips of participants sitting unsupported were taken at the beginning and end of the 6-week study period. The video clips were then shown to two blinded physiotherapists who were asked to rate their global impressions of change in performance of each participant after viewing the first video clip in relation to the second video clip. The therapists used the same 15-point rating scale used by participants.

Victor. Nigel Cunliffe drafted the manuscript http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Methazolastone.html with scientific input from all authors. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflict of interest statement: N.A. Cunliffe has received research grant support and honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals and Sanofi Pasteur MSD. A. Bouckenooghe is an employee of Sanofi Pasteur and a former employee of GSK Biologicals. “
“Rotavirus is a leading cause of under-5 childhood mortality, with an estimated 232,000 (50%) of 453,000 annual deaths attributed to this virus occurring in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended

that infant immunization with human rotavirus vaccine (HRV) should be introduced in all countries and particularly where greater than 10% of under-5 mortality is attributed to diarrhea [2]. This revised recommendation was supported in part by clinical trials from Africa in which the efficacy of HRV during infancy was established [3] and [4]. Although the efficacy of the rotavirus vaccines against severe rotavirus diarrhea in the first year of life, was lower in African studies

(61–65%) [3] and [4], compared to those from more industrialized settings (84–100%) [5], [6], [7] and [8], the burden of disease prevented in African studies (5.0 per 100 infant-years) exceeded that prevented Bioactive Compound Library price in studies from Europe [6], Latin America [9], and middle-income countries in Asia [10]. Multi-country efficacy studies of Rotarix™ (GlaxoSmithKline [GSK] Biologicals) and RotaTeq™ (Merck & Co., Inc.), in Africa, however, Olopatadine have also demonstrated between-country differences in vaccine efficacy against severe

rotavirus gastroenteritis (S-RVGE) [3] and [4]. While the efficacy of Rotarix against S-RVGE was greater in South African (76.9%) compared to Malawian (49.4%) infants, the attributable reduction of S-RVGE was two-fold greater among Malawian infants [3]. Furthermore, persistence of HRV protection against S-RVGE during the second year of life and/or two consecutive rotavirus seasons has predominantly been established in industrialized settings [7], [8], [9] and [10], whereas the sustainability of protection against S-RVGE remains to be established in African settings. Post-introduction effectiveness studies in some Latin American countries have indicated that there is a decrease in protection during the second year of life with Rotarix and RotaTeq [11] and [12]. In addition, vaccine efficacy point-estimates against S-RVGE were lower in the second year of life (19.6%) compared to that in the first year of life (64%) with RotaTeq in Africa [4]. Based on the differences in rotavirus vaccine-efficacy and epidemiology of infection between South African and Malawian infants during infancy in the Phase 3 Rotarix trial [3], we now report on country-specific data on the extended efficacy evaluation and immunogenicity of HRV.